The digital age we live in gave rise to misinformation, lies, fact-checks, information overloads, and what researchers have termed ’political bullshit’. These are statements that are very abstract and meaningless, but are supposed to mobilize voters. ‘That is, politicians tell things that seem to mean nothing and everything at the same time’, explain the authors. ‘For example, when politicians state to “believe in people or country”, or “promise to fight for a better future”. Such very vague statements we often see during political elections and political campaigns.’

But what do such statements actually mean? Which effect can they have? Are some people more susceptible to it than others? This very vague communication and prevalent social phenomenon was not studied before.

Testing how receptive a person can be to political bullshit

The researchers studied the endorsement of vague political statements, slogans, and political bullshit programmes. After a systematic analysis of literature on this and similar phenomena, they developed three tests to estimate how receptive a person can be to political bullshit, and how this related to their political ideology and support for neoliberalism, populism, and voting behavior. These tests were conducted in the Netherlands, Serbia and the US.

One test was made up of ten sentences which participants rated on how persuasive they were. One of the sentences stated: ‘To politically lead the people means to always fight for them’. ‘Though the sentence looks as if it conveys something, it is not clear what it means to fight for people’, state the authors. ‘It is vague, abstract, and essentially meaningless, as every political bullshit is.’

The second test was made up of five slogans about elections in the fictitious country of Gonfel: ‘For better and stronger Gonfel!’. But what does it mean for a country to be better and stronger? The third test contained three long political programmes that did not have any sensible meaning, also related to the fictitious country of Gonfel.

Right-wing people (especially neoliberals) are more receptive to ‘bullshit’ statements

The authors conclude that their study worked well to measure ‘political bullshit’. ‘ Although the term  could be controversial, our research suggests that the concept of political bullshit exists and can be measured.’

Through a meta-analysis of the three tests, they find that all political bullshit measures positively correlated with support for the free market, while only some positively correlated with social and economic conservatism, and populism. ‘In the U.S., the Netherlands, and all countries combined, increased receptivity to political bullshit was associated with a higher probability to vote for right-wing candidates/parties. Especially neoliberals are more receptive to  these statements.’

The authors did not investigate and do not know which political parties use political bullshit more. ‘We do assume though, that every party or candidate use such expressions, because of the structural requirements of politics and political communication.’

Publication details

Vukašin Gligorić, Allard Feddes and Bertjan Doosje (2022), ‘Political Bullshit Receptivity and its Correlates: A Cross-Country Validation of the Concept’, in: Journal of Social and Political Psychology, https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.6565